This paper argues firstly, that the modern economic growth model of development, that requires continuous expansion of production and consumption, is inherently unsustainable; Secondly, that modern urbanization is necessarily parasitical, as it depletes and degrades the resources of its host region; Thirdly, that a sustainable economy would be one that fully recycles all that it consumes, while sustainable urbanization would be based on cities that are structurally integrated with the regions from which they derive their basic sustenance, and to which they should provide necessary goods and services; and fourthly, that sustainable development requires a paradigm change that must begin with a redefinition of the goals of development.
Full article here.
Full article here.